Universal Human Rights Essay - 1932 Words

Throughout the years, the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter, the PRC) has remained notorious for its explicit defiance of international human right norms. These norms, codified in the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (hereinafter, the UDHR), define human rights to be â€Å"inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family† (The Universal Declaration). While this declaration seeks to cement a set of universal human rights in the international community, it fails to take into account the idea of cultural relativism and its effects on different cultural perspectives of human values. For the purpose of this essay the UDHR will be used to explicitly state instances where China has†¦show more content†¦This misconception of a universal standard is rooted in the spread of popular western consumer goods globally, this does not always equate to the spreading of values, such as universal human ri ghts. Samuel Huntington rejects these misconceptions in his article The West Unique, Not Universal stating â€Å"the argument that the spread of pop culture and consumer goods around the world represents the triumph of Western civilization depreciates the strength of other cultures while trivializing Western culture† (29). In actuality, the most distinct differences between the PRC and the West can be seen through their fundamental treatment of their people. Despite the PRC having â€Å"pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms† (The Universal Declaration) it will be argued that in reality, they fail to adhere to these universal standards. The PCR’s ideology can best seen through the age-old sentiment that â€Å"man exists for the state rather than vice versa† (Donnelly 77), while the UNHR explicitly states in Article 21 that â€Å"[t]he will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government† (The Universal Declaration). Donnelly argues that, â€Å"this Chinese conception of social order denies the very idea of human rights (77). It is because of this backward version of the idea that in order for a government to be considered legitimate, theShow MoreRelatedUniversal Human Rights And Universal Rights1312 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal human rights are those that apply to everyone no matter where they come from, who they are or what they do. They are held by the individual person and protect them from other people and/or collectives (Bell,1999). Human rights instruments found today are also compared to those in religions and ancient civilisations that have contributed towards the understanding of human dignity (James, 2007). There are many arguments on whether human rights are universally achievable and if they have alreadyRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal Rights1679 Words   |  7 PagesHuman rights are universal rights that we are entitled to. It is a freedom that is guaranteed based on the principle of respect for an individual. As mentioned in the preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human rights are a â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all member of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world† (Kent, page 80). When asked what our rig hts are, we tend to get different answers andRead MoreHuman Rights : Universal And Inalienable Rights919 Words   |  4 Pagesthat all humans are entitled to universal and inalienable rights. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 1 best, explains what universal human rights are by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity rights. (Articles of the UN Universal Declaration, International Law: United for Human Rights.), and while all persons are entitled to these rights there are many throughout out the world who are suffering due to the fact their human rights are beingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by lawâ €  and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagesminorities and those who don’t fit the traditional mold of a people. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of JewsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all human s. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fullyRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal D eclaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and hu mans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to different

Contemporary Approaches Of Psychology And How They...

Contemporary Approaches in Psychology and how they Interpret Drug Use The seven contemporary approaches or theories in psychology include Biological, Behavioral Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural. These seven contemporary approaches allow us to interpret the behavior of individuals. Each perspective makes certain assumptions about human behavior. For this analysis we will review the behavioral and sociocultural approaches in psychology and compare how they interpret drug use. THe Behavioral perspective believes that our behavior is the result of the environment we are in. Behaviorists believe that psychologists should rely on the stimuli in the environment and our response to the stimuli. There perspective was that our behaviors are the result of our upbringing and environment. The behavioral perspective works on the molecular level to understand an individual s behavior. They developed research generated evidence. John Watson was the founder of American behaviorism. Watson advocated that psychology is a science and it should be limited to observable, measurable behaviors. Watson studied babies and how they learned everything from their environment. He advocated that nurture was stronger than nature. Watson was famous for his experiment with Baby Albert and a white rat. Baby Albert did not fear the white at at first but began to fear it once it was associated with a loud sound. Watson proved through his experiments that parents should takeShow MoreRelate dDifferent Approaches to Mental Disorders in Psychology2113 Words   |  9 Pagesa number of paradigms in the area of abnormal psychology, the biological, psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive are the four major models which place distinct interpretations. Each of the different approaches is considered to the degree that it is of value in practical terms, to the patient, and to the development of the theory. A significant point that will be made is that even though psychologists do not agree on what causes abnormality and how it can best be treated, they will have to compileRead MoreDisadvantages Of Sex Education1734 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual sexuality. Unfortunately, when most students are done with sex education classes, they do not have a clear understanding of contraception and safe sex practices and the benefits they allow for. Almost everything revolves around sex or doing drugs and the peer and media pressure that follows is unwavering. Although we have a handful of children who aspire to be more successful, an alarming number of teenagers are slowly falling by the wayside, engaging in indecent sexual activity. Teens nowadaysRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Psychology evolved out of both philosophy and biology. Throughout psychologys history, a number of different  schools of thought  have formed to explain human thought and behavior. These schools of thought often rise to dominance for a period of time. While these schools of thought are sometimes perceived as competing forces, each  perspective  has contributed to our understanding of psychology. Some of the major schools of thought in psychology are Structuralism, Functionalism, GestaltRead MorePsychology Ncert Book 1 Chapter Notes11190 Words   |  45 Pages Psy What is Psychology? After reading this chapter, you would be able to †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ understand the nature and role of psychology in understanding mind and behaviour, state the growth of the discipline, know the different fields of psychology, its relationship with other disciplines, and professions, and appreciate the value of psychology in daily life to help you understand yourself and others better. Contents Introduction What is Psychology? Psychology as a Discipline Psychology as a Natural ScienceRead MoreDeconstructing The High School Institution1793 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent forces pulling students back and forth, the primary goal is to be accepted, despite how much change one must undergo. From my high school experiences I know how to deal with peer pressure, alienation, and cliques. Thus, my former high school social lessons and knowledge allow me to reshape my perception, values, and self-image to this day. The symbolic interactionist and conflict sociological approaches provide a deeper understanding of the social problems that exist in my former high schoolRead MoreDeconstructing The High School Institution1819 Words   |  8 Pagesstudents back and forth, the primary goal is to be accepted; despite how much change one must undergo. From my high school experiences I know how to deal with labelling, peer pressure, alienation, and cliques. Thus my former high school social lessons and knowledge allow me to reshape my perception, values, and self-image to this day. Statements of Sociological Perspectives The symbolic interactionist and conflict sociological approaches provide a deeper understanding of the social problems that existRead MoreLanguage and Communication in Psychology2786 Words   |  12 PagesThrough detailed consideration of one selected area of investigation evaluate the progress made by researchers in developing explanations of key aspects of the psychology of language and communication. The study of language is frequently debated in different theories of human nature. The importance of language is relevant when it to comes to the work of philosophers, neuroscientist, humanist and psychologist. Language has been applicable to Aristotle, Plato, Hume, Locke, Freud and Skinner. ThisRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words   |  49 Pagessuggests that despite the pervasive 11 Political Communication in Action symbolic power of the media, the audience will generally retain a minimum of autonomy and independence, and engage more or less actively, instead of purely passively, in the use of the means of mass communication.7 In other words, whatever the symbolic power of the news media, at least some media users will generally be able to resist such persuasion. This suggests that mind control by the media should be particularly effectiveRead MoreInflence of Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Decision Making9466 Words   |  38 Pagesto take some risks in order to grow, trying new activities, generating new ideas, experimenting with new roles. However, they can also get into trouble with their risk taking when it involves behaviors such as sex, drinking, smoking, violence, and drug use. Concern over such risk behaviors has led to the creation of many interventions, based to varying degrees on the growing scientific literature on adolescent development. Some of these interventions have attempted to manipulate teenagers beliefsRead MoreTheoretical Approaches to Domestic Violence7490 Words   |  30 PagesTHEORETICAL APPROACHES TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Classification of the literature about violence against women is difficult because violence against women cannot be understood in terms of a single factor. Most of the researchers focus on a few different reasons and not on a single one to explain why men use violence against women. Their arguments are sometimes so similar that even their approach is defined in different perspectives. For example, approaches by Gelles and Straus, who have many essays and

Strategic Thinking free essay sample

The research paper provides an in-depth discussion of the effects of adopting a strategic thinking mindset on the policies and efficiency of companies. The paper discusses the effects of adopting a strategic thinking mindset, on the policies and overall efficiency of the organization. It has discussed in detail the core issues necessary for the development of a strategic thinking mindset. The paper examines how strategic thinking is a very effective tool in bringing improvements to organizations ability to conduct business and helps the management to direct the company policies in the right direction for the achievement of short and long term goals. Strategic thinking is a companys ability to demonstrate a close understanding of the capabilities, nature and potential of the business and successfully deciding on what steps should be taken and why any particular initiative should be taken. The process of strategic thinking involves such crucial activities like calculated risks on the basis of clear understanding and knowledge of societal, economic, technical, environmental and political issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Thinking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The general concept of strategic thinking, as defined by the management experts, is that it is a process involving the formulation of a vision and developing a sequence of strategic measures and actions in order to bring that vision to a reality. When a company aims to achieve these objectives the primary area of concern should be to create an environment of team work and community. Employee involvement for achieving competitive advantage is one of the key strategies of a company for future growth. The importance of this strategy can be well understood by realizing the fact that in an environment where there is no team spirit and sense of community, the company will not be able to gain maximum output from all of the employees and only those who are smart enough to work individually will work productively.

The Portrayal of Womenin The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy and The Fly Paper by E Taylor Essay Example For Students

The Portrayal of Womenin The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy and The Fly Paper by E Taylor Essay The main characters in both The Fly Paper by Elizabeth Taylor and The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy are women. These women come from everyday life and are set in the social settings of the writers own times. Thus, the characters in The Withered Arm come from Victorian rural England. Rhoda Brook is a poor milkmaid living with her son whose father is the farmer on whose farm she works. Whereas, the characters in The Fly Paper come from Post War England, living a small town or village life. Sylvia is a dowdy, eleven year old on her way, by bus, to the suburbs of a nearby town for her piano lesson. In both of these stories, women are represented as having limited choices in life. Compared to men they have little power and depend on the actions of men and the opinions of others. In The Withered Arm Rhoda is described as a lorn milkmaid. Rhoda has been forsaken and made wretched by Farmer Lodge, who has ruined her by not marrying her. In the same story, Gertrude is a lady because her marriage to Farmer Lodge has allowed her not to work and to be a lady. She shows marks of a lady on her. In The Fly Paper, Sylvia has no choices in life. Her grandmother makes her take piano lessons and her piano teacher bullies her. Her grandmother has total control over her life. Sylvia was: feeling hot in her winter coat, which her grandmother insisted on her wearing, just as she insisted on the music lessons. She can not stick up for herself. This is shown when the man on the bus terrorises her. Although this is probably more to do with her age than being a female. Sylvia is desribed as looking hunted in the text because nobody leaves her alone. Women in these stories are described in detail. This is because in The Fly Paper, but even more in The Withered Arm, women are very dependent on the way that they look. How they look affects their whole life because,especially in The Withered Arm, being beautiful means they can attract men, who earn the money so they can lead a happy life. Sylvia in The Fly Paper unfortunately, is plain and defeated: she was a dull girl whom nobody liked very much, and she knew it. In comparison, the woman that Silvia meets on the bus is very different to her: She was homely looking, Sylvia decided, in spite of fair hair going very dark at the roots. She had a comfortable, protective manner, as if she were keeping an eye on the situation for Sylvias sake. This makes Sylvia place trust in the woman without knowing or even talking to her. It turns out that this is to Sylvias peril. It shows that with a certain look much is possible. This fact is also displayed in The Withered Arm. Farmer Lodge is drawn to Gertrude in the beginning because of her good looks. In the end, he is repelled by her withered arm. When Gertrude is first viewed by the milkmaids she is described as a rosy-cheeked, tisty-tosty little body who has drawn Farmer Lodge away from Rhoda who has born his son. Rhoda, on the other hand, is described as a thin fading woman and at only thirty years old it seems a little unfair! This shows how much looks matter. When Gertrude starts getting a withered arm Farmer Lodge rejects her, to her great dismay. She longs for her husband back, but instead of discussing with her husband the problems that she is facing with her arm,all she can think of to get him back is to regain her looks: If I could only again be as I was when he first saw me. This idea is lodged in her head, to such an extreme, that she is led to rub her arm on the neck of a hanged mans corpse in a desperate attempt to cure her arm. In both stories, women are portrayed as swayed by fate a force that they are both powerless to prevent. .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .postImageUrl , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:hover , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:visited , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:active { border:0!important; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:active , .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua03b44ddb4324335b13485c1e0e703ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twelfth Night Analysis EssayIn The Fly Paper, Sylvia just seems to have a terrible fate. Her mother died and she is now leading an unhappy life with her bossy grandmother. This makes her a glum and sullen child. Even when she takes the bus somewhere there is some misfortune awaiting her. This is in the form of a weird man who starts to pester her as she is sitting on the bus. Sylvias life seems to be out of her control: her life had taken a sharp turn for the worse, and she could not see how it would ever be any better. She had no faith in freeing herself from it, even when she was grown-up. It is obvious from this quote that Sylvia holds very little hope for her future. Then, for the first time, Sylvia seems to get some luck. A nice woman helps her and shoos off the strange man and offers to be her escort to her music lesson. But again fate catches up with Sylvia and when she goes to the womans house for tea and biscuits, the strange man walks in and it turns out that the woman and he were accomplices. Fate had doomed Sylvia all along! In The Withered Arm , Rhoda is a woman of her time and a big part of living in that time is superstition. This superstitious way of looking at life leads Rhoda to believe that she is a witch! She has a dream where Gertrude sits on her chest, peers cruelly into her face, and waves her left hand with the wedding ring on her finger mockingly in Rhodas face. With this Rhoda: seized the confronting spectre by its obtrusive left arm, and whirled it backward to the floor, Rhoda is obsessed by this dream. She thinks that it really happened. She believes that, through no intention of her own, she is bewitching Gertrude: O, can it be, she said to herself .. that I exercise a malignant power over people against my own will? Rhoda feels that fate is in control and not she. The language used to decribe the dream is full of supernatural terms, such as incubus, spectre and phantom. Rhoda is up against the enormous powers of the unknown. In conclusion, women are shown in these strories as real, complicated people, whose feelings the reader can recognise and share. Sylvias vividly described discomfort when she is so hot and anguished changes, in the course of the story, to actual terror. The reader is shocked by this and the terrifying fate that awaits such an ordinary, harmless girl. In TheWithered Arm, women gossip together, worry about their looks and are drawn together in the troubles of their lives. Rhoda forgives Gertrude and learns to appreciate her kindnesses, but she still has mixed feelings about her: In her secret heart Rhoda did not altogether object to a slight diminution of her successors beauty, by whatever means it had come about; but she did not wish to inflict upon her physical pain. This quote reveals Rhoda as a real person. As in The Fly Paper both Rhoda and Gertrude suffer an appalling fate which they can do little to alter. By the end of the story, they have changed visibly. Their situation in life has become intolerable. The reader is left without hope, caught up in a totally pessimistic view of a womans life.

Quality Theory in the Hospitality Industry

Sending A Letter Sample Essay To Start A Conversation With A Girl

Sending A Letter Sample Essay To Start A Conversation With A GirlThe best way to start a conversation with a girl is by sending her a letter sample essay. It will help you hone your writing skills as well as provide insight into what it is you are passionate about, so it's always important to use these methods to get to know the girl and her values.The first thing you need to do is find a sample essay that you feel comfortable sharing with a girl. The essay can be anything from a short story or even an article, which is great for meeting people who have the same interests as you. You want to choose something that does not already have much of a following, so you want to take a risk.When you send your letter sample essay, you want to make sure it is personal and not too long. There is no need to worry too much about this, as most girls can read an essay or short story. Make sure the letter is crisp and short.Don't leave her reading it in her room, because it will be uncomfortable. She will most likely want to get up and get to know you. However, if you leave the sample at home, she is not going to enjoy reading it as much. Make sure she can walk away from it if she needs to.You may also want to write a thank you note for her when you send the letter. A thank you note is important, especially if you haven't spoken to each other in months. Remember that you are writing a letter, so write something short and sweet. Be sincere, but make sure it isn't too long.Use your name as your signature. It shows you appreciate her letter and how hard you worked on it. If you want to write something longer, just use your name in parentheses, but it is okay to use your initials.These letters are great for the initial introduction to the relationship. If you follow the above steps, it will work out.

Global Issues in Aviation

Global Issues in Aviation Introduction Aviation industry is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. It connects the whole world and augments numerous businesses globally. The air transportation results in economic and social benefits both of which contribute to economic growth of countries.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Global Issues in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tourism and international trade sectors benefit enormously from the aviation industry. The rapid transportation of passengers and goods is another contribution of airlines worldwide. Finally, the aviation industry employs many people and contributes highly in terms of tax revenues (Dobbs 2009, p. 32). The industry has experienced tremendous growth in the recent years. There are a number of factors that have led to the high growth of this industry. The increase of peoples’ earnings, improvements in life styles, and enhancement in peopleâ₠¬â„¢s confidence in the use of aircrafts for movements have led to the witnessed rapid growth. The bilateral agreements among governments and the open sky agreements have also led to the increase in the use of commercial airlines. Competitions among airlines coupled with increased efficiency in airlines and airport operations have had the effect of fare reduction making air travel affordable. Finally, globalization has opened the world and people want to experience life in different areas of the world. However, the management of airlines has been faced with various internal and external factors that affect the operations and the management. These factors have great pressure on the profits of the airlines (Wald 2011, p. 27). This paper discusses the effects of these factors on the operation and the management of various airlines. It also explains the opportunities that exist in the aviation industry and risks that the businesses are likely to face. The paper is divided into four main sections namely introduction, internal factors, external factors, opportunities and risks, and finally conclusion. Internal Factors Factors affecting the operations and management of airline organizations are both internal and external. One of the internal factors affecting management is the existence of multiple levels of decision-making. The levels of decision making in many airlines are varied and interact at certain levels. The strategic, planning and operations departments are decision making levels that always interact and affect the operations of the airline. The airlines strategic decisions usually take a lot of time before their implementation. They also do require a lot of capital investment and a lot of research work.Advertising Looking for proposal on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The strategic decisions are usually made to influence the direction of the company. Growth and expansion plan is an example of a strategic decision that an air line can make. Precisely, there are bountiful impacts of internal and external factors on the operation and management of an airline. Additionally, there are associated opportunities and risks to the business following its nature of operation. Conversely, planning decisions are made to enhance optimal use of the airlines resources. Aviation industry has a lot of resource which include aircraft, flight attendants, human resources, and buildings among others. The management has to plan on how these resources are to be used optimally. In the airline, planning decisions relate to issues such as forecasting of demand, flight scheduling, assignment of flight pilots/crews to different flights, aircraft maintenance, and planning for the accommodation of crews (Albers, Auerbach, Baum, Delfmann 2005, p. 105). Other decisions that require planning are the number of workers required to manage a flight such luggage handlers, customer care officers, and so on. The decisions are also on the amount to be charged as fare and the availability of seats. All these decisions are related and this makes the whole planning a very complicated process. The operation decisions are those that are made daily and are reviewed regularly. Some examples of operation decisions may include responses to incidents such as adverse weather conditions, delays in flights, cancellation of flights, mechanical problems with an aircraft and non attendance of a staff due to issues like illness. The strategic decisions that have been made always affect the planning decisions that are to be made. The planning decisions on the other hand influence the operation decisions that are made. The feedback also comes following the sequence. The operations stage provides the planning stage with feedback and the planning stage further provides the strategic stage with the feedback. The other internal factor that affect operation and the management of airlines is the inte raction of different groups of workers who must operate together to ensure success of flights.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Global Issues in Aviation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The size of the airline normally dictates the number of flights that it can operate. If the airline is a large one, then it will operate hundreds of flights in a single day. A considerable number of workers of different departments and professions must interact together to ensure the success of each of these flights. They have to cooperate with all having the single objective of ensuring that there is no delay in flight and that everything moves efficiently (Haberberg Rieple 2008, p 186). Some of the different groups of workers that interact are the cock pit crew, the cabin crew, the maintenance crew, the ramp crew, the baggage handlers, cargo agents, fuelling agents, the customer care crew, the catering agents, the air craft cle aning agents and the dispatchers. These workers are of different qualifications, workloads and pay grades but their contribution is vital in the process of preparing for the departure of flights. The airline management has to make a proper and implementable work plan for workers so as to ensure efficiency (Wu 2009, p.159). The work plan must ensure that there are no conflicts between the different groups. Such can easily lead to delays and possibly accidents. These different groups interact at different levels. The pilots are the ones to fly the plane and there must be certain number of pilots to fly large planes. The flight attendants ensure the security of the passengers onboard and also reassure them. The maintenance crew repair and maintain the aircraft and they do this regularly while the ramp agents on the other hand usually direct the aircraft and assist in parking it. The baggage handling crew usually load and off-load baggage while their fuelling counterparts assist in ensu ring that the aircraft has enough fuel for the flight. The customer service agents are responsible for assisting passengers before boarding with their queries, check-in, assignment of seats and any other issue. The gate agents usually ensure that any unauthorized person does not gain access to the aircraft. Meals and drinks to be taken in the aircraft are provided for by the catering agents. The description above shows how these groups of people interact for the success of the flight and conflict between them has effects that can impact negatively on the airline. The management of the airline therefore has to ensure that each of these groups do their work smoothly to avoid any adverse incident.Advertising Looking for proposal on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other internal factor that impacts on the management and operation of airlines is the training and skills of the airline staff. The management has to ensure that the staff is well trained and qualified to work for the air line and that the crew in the aircraft are qualified to operate the flight. There are certain set of skills and knowledge that an expert in the aviation industry must have. The activities involved in the aviation business such as piloting is complex thus people with ability to make quick and accurate decisions are needed. The management must ensure that the training of the staff be an on-going activity and should be incorporated in the culture of the company. The skills and training that the airline staff get is necessary to ensure security and effectiveness of the flight and thus make the operation and management of the airline easier. External Factors Competition is one of the external factors affecting the aviation industry. This incorporates the activities of other contenders (Wald 2011, p. 342). It is impossible for the management of the airline to work effectively without considering the actions of the other industry players. The actions of competitors affect the actions of the management. Governments of various countries have regulations, which any airline organization must comply with in order to operate. The airline managements are also keen on the agreement terms that they make with the airports that serve them as these affect them. The agreements affect the airline through various factors such as airport congestion. The preferences and the needs of the customers also affect the management and the operations of the airline. Issues such as competitive fares, quality of customer care, reliability and services provided on-board are of great impact on the airline. The failure of the airline or other the management has negative impact on the airline. Finally, suppliers are important for the airline as they ensure continuation of the operations of the airlines activities. They thus affect the management of the airline since they provide crucial items such as gas, spare parts, meals and uniforms for the employees. Policies are the other external factors that impact on the operations and management of airlines. Government policies usually have direct impact on the industry. Certain policies for example excise taxes on the tickets have the effect of increasing the prices for the consumers and hence lowering demand. A policy that seeks to protect the consumer by expecting the airlines not to take much time with the customers on the tarmac due to bad weather has the effect of increasing the rate of flight cancellation. Interest rates are affected by monetary policies and these affect the airlines’ ability to acquire new aircrafts (Uwagwuna 2011, p.10). These policies affect the management and it therefore must act to avoid or limit the adverse effects that are associated with these legislations. Fuel policies also greatly affect the operations of airlines. Policies that affect the supply and the price of fuel have an influence on the profitability of the airline. Such policies may include oil suppliers’ decisions, expansions of refinery by an oil company and so on. Finally, the other external factors that affect the management of airlines are the social, political, and economic occurrences. Economic and social developments are usually rapid and have great impact on the aviation industry. Political events such as terrorist actions, wars and coups always have negative effects on the airlines. The management of the airlines must always be ready to take necessary actions whenever such events occur to help reduce their impacts on the airline. Airlines usually respond in various ways to survive such events and stay in business. Some of the ways that the management uses to survive such situations are among others the laying off of some staff, reduction of fares, cutting of employee salar ies and reduction of the number of flights that it operates. Opportunities and Risks The existence of these internal and external factors brings a lot of challenges to the management of an airline. The industry itself usually faces a lot of challenges such as slow down in economies and this greatly affects the operations of airlines. However, they do present the management with opportunities for further development that enable the airline to continue staying in business. The environment in which airlines operate is competitive, risky, unstable and dynamic. Issues such as fuel price changes, wars, customer service and the skills of the airline staff have impact on the ability of the airlines survival. They however bring the need for the management to put in place a proper corporate sustainability model so that it may stay in business. Aviation industry has risks associated with operations, finance, human capital, technology, and social. Management has to effectively handle these risk s. The industry has to adopt a corporate sustainability system that focuses on optimal use of resources, saving costs, improving capacities, and that enables fast response to changes (Triant Ayse, 2011, p.111). The portfolio of the model should include plans on how to manage network, crew and the handling of codes. Additionally, it should include how pricing is to be done, how the prices can be distributed and how the revenue is to be managed. The portfolio has to be guided by the research that the management has done. This is a vital consideration in the context of research and its ultimate impacts on the aviation industry. The management must have the capability to know the risks that the internal and external factors bring. It must control and manage the risks successfully to enable sustainability. Concurrently, management has to improve on security, convenience, customer satisfaction, and also offer competitive prices. It can do this through an effective and well-structured cor porate sustainability management model (Upham 2003, p. 28). The workers in the airline too must understand the need for risk management and its benefits. The model that enables airlines to operate sustainably must have a cross department risk management method that monitor issues such as fuel price changes, exchange and interest rates changes and demand trends. The model also assists in elimination of issues such as conflicts between various groups of workers. The challenge of competition is a threat to an airline but it offers an opportunity for the management to design a proper way of presenting itself to the market. The management has to take into consideration the market when designing a method of tackling competition, customer satisfaction and new territories. The factors that must be taken in to consideration include transport, communication, logistics, advertising and information among others. In presenting itself to the market, the airline must recognize its target customers (Shaw 2011, p. 172). In this way, the management will be able to know the customers’ requirements and thus will satisfy customers and make the airline succeed in competition. The recognition of the target market also enables the airline to know how to structure its marketing and advertisements. The recognition of the customers is what has enabled the France-KLM, the largest company in the airline industry. Technological advancements that have taken place in the recent years also have the capacity to assist the management of airline organizations deal with internal and external issues that affect the airline company. Computer technology/IT can assist in crew and flight scheduling and in general planning for different activities in the operations of the airline and this helps the airline save on time. The improvement in technology that is used in building of aircrafts currently enables airlines to save on fuel costs. This is so because the current technology in use enables the creation of fuel efficient aircrafts. A good percentage of the ground services are also automated due to technological advancements and this further helps in cost savings. The current technology used in the airline industry also enables airlines increase their revenues. The availability of services such as in-flight access to internet and entertainment among others leads the customers to pay more hence increased revenue for the airline. The other internal factor that impacts on the management and operation of airlines is the training and skills of the airline staff. This gives the management opportunity to determine the training requirement for the staff of the airline. It is the management of the airline that can effectively determine the set of skills that are needed for efficient operation of the airline (Fojt 2006, p.27). The management must ensure that the training of the staff be an on-going activity and should be incorporated in the culture of the company. Airlines face vari ous threats and these can greatly impact on the operations, efficiency and profitability of the airline. Cyber crime or attack is one of the threats that airlines face and this greatly affect the security of the airline and the passengers and the baggage. The security level of airlines and airports have been greatly increased since September 2011 but the threats of cyber attack still exist and are likely to occur if the management does not put in place proper monitoring. This is a critical provision in various contexts. It is crucial to comprehend various operational aspects in the airline industry. The other threat that is extremely risky for the airlines is the increase in oil prices. The failure of the management to take into consideration price changes in oil when forecasting their profits of the year can be disastrous to the airline. Such changes in the oil prices can be due to policies of oil marketers or the government. The increase in the oil prices may lead to increase in f are which further affects the demand. The failure of the management to properly make a work plan for the workers is the other risk that may face an airline. The workers of an airline perform different activities and they interact in their duties. However, their duties should never conflict as such can lead to flight delays and cancellations. The delays in flight can greatly affect the way customers view the airline and this will influence the efficiency and performance of the airline. Conclusion The airline industry is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide and it contributes immensely to economic growth of various countries. However, the management of airlines has been faced with various internal and external factors that usually affect the operations of the airlines. The internal factors include existence of multiple decisions making levels, the interaction of different groups of workers and the skills and training of the workers. On the other hand, external factors affec ting the management of the airlines include competition, political provisions, economic factors, and policies enacted by governments and fuel suppliers. This is a critical provision when considered in both economic and operational contexts. The existence of these factors gives the aviation industry numerous opportunities to improve its operations. Airlines may use corporate strategic models and the improvement in technology to tackle issues such as scheduling of workers in a way that there are no conflicts. The actions such as competition also challenge the management to design proper advertising and marketing plans. Finally, the paper recognized the risks that may occur due to the airlines should the management fail to tackle the internal and external issues that face them. Some of the threats that may occur due to poor handling of the internal and external issues include cyber attack, loss of revenue, and loss of consumer confidence in the airline. List of References Albers, S., A uerbach, S., Baum, H Delfmann, W 2005, Strategic management in the aviation industry, Ashgate, London, UK. Dobbs, D 2009, Aviation Industry Performance A Review of the Aviation Industry in 2008. Diane Pub Co, Darby, PA. 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